HCC and other liver nodules can develop in patients with Fontan-associated liver disease (FALD) and other vascular liver diseases, which may include conditions such as heart failure and Budd-Chiari syndrome. Currently, the Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System (LI-RADS)—a widely used tool for the imaging diagnosis of HCC—cannot be applied to these patients due to insufficient data and the low specificity of imaging in this context. This session provides an overview of cardiac/vascular liver disease and associated HCC risk. Speakers discuss the controversial topic of HCC surveillance in patients without cirrhosis, explore appropriate surveillance strategies for high-risk patients including those with cirrhosis, and address the diagnostic challenges faced by this population.