M Kage, T Fujisawa, K Shiraki, T Tanaka, T Fujisawa, A Kimura, K Shimamatsu, E Nakashima, M Kojiro, M Koike, Y Tazawa, D Abukawa, M Okaniwa, H Takita, A Matsui, T Hayashi, T Etou, S Terasawa, K Sugiyama, H Tajiri, A Yoden, Y Kajiwara, M Sata, Y Uchimura – 30 December 2003 – Limited information is available regarding the histology of hepatitis C virus infection in children. The aim of this study was to determine the histological pattern of chronic hepatitis C (CHC) in children, and liver biopsy specimens from 109 pediatric patients with CHC were examined.

A F Attili, R Capocaccia, N Carulli, D Festi, E Roda, L Barbara, L Capocaccia, A Menotti, L Okolicsanyi, G Ricci, L Lalloni, S Mariotti, C Sama, E Scafato – 30 December 2003 – The epidemiological associations of gallstone disease were evaluated in a general population sample of 29,584 individuals (15,910 men and 13,674 women; age range, 30‐39 years) belonging to 14 cohorts examined between December 1984 and April 1987.

C Yamamoto, N Enomoto, M Kurosaki, S Yu, J Tazawa, N Izumi, F Marumo, C Sato – 30 December 2003 – The extreme 5′‐proximal sequences of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) genome including the 5′untranslated region (5′UTR) and the first 30 nucleotides of the core region are highly conserved, and serve as an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) that initiates the cap‐independent translation of HCV polyprotein. Mutations in the IRES sequence have been shown to cause changes in the efficiency of protein translation in vitro.

P Lampertico, E Del Ninno, A Manzin, M F Donato, M G Rumi, G Lunghi, A Morabito, M Clementi, M Colombo – 30 December 2003 – Short‐term interferon treatment of serum hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)‐negative carriers with serum hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA and histological features of chronic hepatitis B has been largely unsuccessful. In a pilot study of long‐term treatment, 42 such patients were randomly assigned to 6 million units of interferon alfa 2b (IFN‐α2b) three times per week for 24 consecutive months (n = 21, 4 with cirrhosis) or to no therapy (n = 21, 3 with cirrhosis).

M Tacke, S Schmolke, V Schlueter, S Sauleda, J I Esteban, E Tanaka, K Kiyosawa, H J Alter, U Schmitt, G Hess, B Ofenloch‐Haehnle, A M Engel – 30 December 2003 – The second envelope protein (E2) of the hepatitis G virus (HGV) was expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells and showed a molecular weight of approximately 60 to 70 kd, with 15 to 25 kd of the size contributed by N‐linked glycosylation. An enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using HGV‐E2 was developed to test for antibodies to this protein (anti‐E2) in human sera.

F C Bekkering, J T Brouwer, S W Schalm, A Elewaut – 30 December 2003

D R Gretch – 30 December 2003 – Diagnostic tests for hepatitis C can be divided into the following two general categories: 1) serological assays that detect antibody to hepatitis C virus (anti‐HCV); and 2) molecular assays that detect, quantify, and/or characterize HCV RNA genomes within an infected patient. Serological assays have been subdivided into screening tests for anti‐HCV, such as the enzyme immunoassay (EIA), and supplemental tests such as the recombinant immunoblot assay (RIBA).

R S Koff – 30 December 2003 – The natural history of untreated chronic hepatitis C is controversial, and direct knowledge of the long‐term clinical and economic outcomes of current α interferon treatment regimens remains limited. Decision analytic models using available information on outcome probabilities and associated health care costs in the United States have been developed but are available only in abstract form.

K. Ramakrishnan Bhaskar, Bradley S. Turner, Shelley A. Grubman, Douglas M. Jefferson, J.Thomas LaMont – 30 December 2003 – Hepatic dysfunction in cystic fibrosis (CF) has been attributed to accumulation of viscous mucoid secretions in intrahepatic bile ducts. The purpose of our study was to compare glycoconjugate secretion by intrahepatic biliary epithelial (IBE) cells derived from normal livers and livers of CF patients with the delta F508 mutation of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR).

Don C. Rockey, John J. Chung, Charlotte M. McKee, Paul W. Noble – 30 December 2003 – Hepatic injury and chronic wounding are characterized by increased synthesis of extracellular matrix proteins including hyaluronan (HA). Recently, it has been recognized that low‐molecular‐weight fragments of HA, but not native HA (e.g., high‐molecular‐weight HA), induce inflammatory gene expression, and activate the transcriptional regulator, nuclear factor κB (NF‐κB).