Jerome M. Laurence, Chuanmin Wang, Maolin Zheng, Sharon Cunningham, John Earl, Szun Szun Tay, Richard D. M. Allen, Geoffrey W. McCaughan, Ian E. Alexander, G. Alex Bishop, Alexandra F. Sharland – 28 January 2009 – The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of local overexpression of indoleamine dioxygenase (IDO) to abrogate rat liver transplant rejection by the use of an adeno‐associated virus vector [recombinant adeno‐associated virus 2/8 (rAAV2/8)] to deliver the transgene to the allograft prior to transplantation.

Robert Perrillo – 28 January 2009 – Prophylactic therapy is generally used to prevent reactivated hepatitis B after transplantation of an antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti‐HBc)–positive liver. To gain insight into current practice, a questionnaire was e‐mailed to 89 liver transplant physicians in the United States, Europe, and Asia/Australia and 4 hepatitis B experts. Addressees were asked if they prefer lamivudine or other nucleoside analogs and whether these drugs are used indefinitely.

Darrell H. G. Crawford, Therese L. Murphy, Louise E. Ramm, Linda M. Fletcher, Andrew D. Clouston, Gregory J. Anderson, V. Nathan Subramaniam, Lawrie W. Powell, Grant A. Ramm – 28 January 2009 – Diagnosing the presence of cirrhosis is crucial for the management of patients with C282Y hereditary hemochromatosis (HH). HH patients with serum ferritin >1,000 μg/L are at risk of cirrhosis; however, the majority of these patients do not have cirrhosis.

Zhaoli Sun, Xiuying Zhang, Jayme E. Locke, Qizhi Zheng, Shingo Tachibana, Anna Mae Diehl, George Melville Williams – 28 January 2009 – Despite major histocompatibility complex incompatibility, liver transplants from Lewis rats to dark agouti (DA) rats survive indefinitely without immunosuppression, and the studies we report sought the mechanism(s) responsible for this. At 1 year, most of the liver reacted positively to host anti‐DA antibody. When small (50%) grafts were transplanted, recruitment was more rapid because most of the organ assumed the host phenotype at 3 months.

Judith M. Gottwein, Troels K. H. Scheel, Tanja B. Jensen, Jacob B. Lademann, Jannick C. Prentoe, Maria L. Knudsen, Anne M. Hoegh, Jens Bukh – 28 January 2009 – Six major hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes and numerous subtypes have been described, and recently a seventh major genotype was discovered. Genotypes show significant molecular and clinical differences, such as differential response to combination therapy with interferon‐α and ribavirin. Recently, HCV research has been accelerated by cell culture systems based on the unique growth capacity of strain JFH1 (genotype 2a).

Henry L. Y. Chan – 28 January 2009

Roniel Cabrera, Miguel Ararat, Consuelo Soldevila‐Pico, Lisa Dixon, Jen‐Jung Pan, Roberto Firpi, Victor Machicao, Cynthia Levy, David Nelson, Giuseppe Morelli – 28 January 2009 – In transplant recipients transplanted for hepatitis C, presentation of abnormal transaminases can herald the presentation of recurrent hepatitis C, cellular rejection, or both. Given the sometimes ambiguous histology with these 2 entities, the ability to distinguish them is of great importance because misinterpretation can potentially affect graft survival.

Edward E. Cable, Patricia D. Finn, Jeffrey W. Stebbins, Jinzhao Hou, Bruce R. Ito, Paul D. van Poelje, David L. Linemeyer, Mark D. Erion – 28 January 2009 – Non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common forms of chronic liver disease, with a prevalence ranging from 10% to 30%. The use of thyroid hormone receptor (TR) agonists for the treatment of NAFLD has not been considered viable because thyroid hormones increase free fatty acid (FFA) flux from the periphery to the liver, induce hepatic lipogenesis, and therefore could potentially cause steatosis.

Jane A. Byrne, Sandra S. Strautnieks, Gudrun Ihrke, Franco Pagani, A.S. Knisely, Kenneth J. Linton, Giorgina Mieli‐Vergani, Richard J. Thompson – 28 January 2009 – The gene encoding the human bile salt export pump (BSEP), ABCB11, is mutated in several forms of intrahepatic cholestasis. Here we classified the majority (63) of known ABCB11 missense mutations and 21 single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to determine whether they caused abnormal ABCB11 pre‐messenger RNA splicing, abnormal processing of BSEP protein, or alterations in BSEP protein function.

Giovanni Musso, Roberto Gambino, Giovanni Pacini, Gianfranco Pagano, Marilena Durazzo, Maurizio Cassader – 28 January 2009 – Genetic factors underlying the association of NAFLD with diabetes and atherosclerosis are unknown. Recent human studies suggest transcription factor 7–like 2 (TCF7L2) polymorphism predisposes to diabetes through modulation of β‐cell function and modulates lipid levels in familial dyslipidemia. Emerging experimental evidence connects TCF7L2 to adipocyte metabolism and lipid homeostasis, as well.