Chiemi Noguchi, Hiromi Ishino, Masataka Tsuge, Yoshifumi Fujimoto, Michio Imamura, Shoichi Takahashi, Kazuaki Chayama – 22 February 2005 – G to A hypermutation of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV‐1) is induced by a deaminase APOBEC3G and is related to host antiviral defense. APOBEC3G has also been found to reduce the replication of HIV‐1 by an unknown mechanism. This enzyme also reduces the production of hepatitis B virus, although the mechanism for this action has not been clearly elucidated.

Andreas Geier, Gernot Zollner, Christoph G. Dietrich, Martin Wagner, Peter Fickert, Helmut Denk, Nico van Rooijen, Siegfried Matern, Carsten Gartung, Michael Trauner – 22 February 2005 – Cholestatic liver injury is associated not only with accumulation of bile acids but also with activation of proinflammatory cytokines. Common bile duct ligation (CBDL) induces sustained downregulation of the Na+/taurocholate cotransporter (Ntcp) in rodent liver.

George K. Michalopoulos, Lindsay Barua, William C. Bowen – 22 February 2005 – Rats with chimeric livers were generated by using the protocol of injecting hepatocytes from dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV)‐positive donors into retrorsine‐treated DPPIV‐negative recipients subjected to partial hepatectomy. Rats with established chimeric livers were subjected to bile duct ligation, with or without pretreatment with the biliary toxin methylene diamiline (DAPM). Ductules bearing the donor hepatocyte marker DPPIV were seen at 30 days after bile duct ligation.

Stanley M. Lemon, MinKyung Yi, Kui Li – 22 February 2005

Golo Ahlenstiel, Barbara Rehermann – 22 February 2005 – Natural killer (NK) cells provide a central defense against viral infection by using inhibitory and activation receptors for major histocompatibility complex class I molecules as a means of controlling their activity. We show that genes encoding the inhibitory NK cell receptor KIR2DL3 and its human leukocyte antigen C group 1 (HLA‐C1) ligand directly influence resolution of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection.

Gisa Tiegs, Gabriele Sass – 22 February 2005

Cho‐Yu Chan, Shou‐Dong Lee – 22 February 2005

Elwyn Elias – 22 February 2005

Sarah Edwards, Patricia F. Lalor, Gerard B. Nash, G. Ed Rainger, David H. Adams – 22 February 2005 – Crosstalk between hepatic sinusoidal ECs and closely juxtaposed hepatocytes via vascular endothelial growth factor is essential for the maintenance of sinusoidal endothelial growth and differentiation. We propose that paracrine interactions between endothelial cells and hepatocytes also may be responsible for the unique complement of adhesion receptors expressed on sinusoidal endothelium that regulate the recruitment of lymphocytes into the liver.

Anja M. Hafkamp, Rick Havinga, Maarten Sinaasappel, Henkjan J. Verkade – 22 February 2005 – We sought to develop an oral treatment for unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia. In the Gunn rat model of unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia, dietary supplementation with the lipase inhibitor orlistat (Orl) or with calcium phosphate (CaP) decreases plasma unconjugated bilirubin (UCB) levels. We determined whether Orl, CaP, or their combination is superior to phototherapy, the conventional treatment, and whether the effects of Orl and CaP are influenced by dietary fat content.