Kunihiko Izuishi, Allan Tsung, Mohammad Akram Hossain, Masao Fujiwara, Hisao Wakabayashi, Tsutomu Masaki, Timothy R. Billiar, Hajime Maeta – 29 August 2006 – Hepatic ischemia‐reperfusion (I/R) injury occurs in the settings of transplantation, trauma, and elective liver resection. Ischemic preconditioning has been used as a strategy to reduce inflammation and organ damage from I/R of the liver. However, the mechanisms involved in this process are poorly understood.

Roger Williams – 29 August 2006 – Immigration, cheap air travel, and globalization are all factors contributing to a worldwide spread of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. End‐stage chronic liver disease (ESLD) as a result of co‐infection with HBV/HCV is now the major cause of death for individuals who have been infected with the HIV virus. The high incidence of HCV infection in Egypt—the legacy left from the mass use of tartar emetic to eradicate schistosomiasis, as in other high prevalence areas—will take years to reduce.

Timothy J. Davern – 29 August 2006 – Fulminant hepatitis of unknown origin remains a significant cause of mortality, for which liver transplantation is often considered as the only therapeutic option. In retrospective studies, human herpesvirus 6 (HHV‐6) infections have been associated with such diseases, but the diagnosis of HHV‐6 infection of the liver is rarely established during the acute phase of liver failure. Using real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), we diagnosed two cases of severe acute liver failure (ALF) related to HHV‐6 occurring in immunocompetent young adults.

Inmaculada García‐Ruiz, Cristina Rodríguez‐Juan, Teresa Díaz‐Sanjuan, Pilar del Hoyo, Francisco Colina, Teresa Muñoz‐Yagüe, José A. Solís‐Herruzo – 29 August 2006 – The mechanisms responsible for low mitochondrial respiratory chain (MRC) activity in the liver of patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis are unknown. In this study, we examined the cause of this dysfunction in ob/ob mice.

Laura Llacuna, Montserrat Marí, Carmen Garcia‐Ruiz, José C. Fernandez‐Checa, Albert Morales – 29 August 2006 – The molecular mechanisms of hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) damage are incompletely understood. We investigated the role of ceramide in a murine model of warm hepatic I/R injury. This sphingolipid induces cell death and participates in tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling.

Christopher J. Scarlett, Alex J. Saxby, AiQun Nielsen, Cameron Bell, Jaswinder S. Samra, Thomas Hugh, Robert C. Baxter, Ross C. Smith – 29 August 2006 – Proteomic techniques promise to improve the diagnosis of cholangiocarcinoma (CC) in both tissue and serum as histological diagnosis and existing serum markers exhibit poor sensitivities. We explored the use of surface‐enhanced laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (SELDI‐TOF MS) to identify potential protein biomarkers of CC. Twenty‐two resected CC samples were compared with adjacent noninvolved bile duct tissue.

Montserrat Puig, Kathleen Mihalik, John C. Tilton, Ollie Williams, Michael Merchlinsky, Mark Connors, Stephen M. Feinstone, Marian E. Major – 29 August 2006 – Hepatitis C is a major cause of chronic liver disease, with 170 million individuals infected worldwide and no available vaccine. We analyzed the effects of an induced T‐cell response in 3 chimpanzees, targeting nonstructural proteins in the absence of neutralizing antibodies. In all animals the specific T‐cell response modified the outcome of infection, producing a 10‐ to 1,000‐fold reduction in peak virus titers.

Karsten Wursthorn, Marc Lutgehetmann, Maura Dandri, Tassilo Volz, Peter Buggisch, Bernhard Zollner, Thomas Longerich, Peter Schirmacher, Frauke Metzler, Myrga Zankel, Conrad Fischer, Graeme Currie, Carol Brosgart, Joerg Petersen – 29 August 2006 – Hepatitis B virus (HBV) covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) is responsible for persistent infection of hepatocytes. The aim of this study was to determine changes in intrahepatic cccDNA in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CH‐B) during 48 weeks of antiviral therapy and its correlation to virological, biochemical, and histological parameters.

Clemens Schafmayer, Jürgen Tepel, Andre Franke, Stephan Buch, Sören Lieb, Marcus Seeger, Frank Lammert, Bernd Kremer, Ulrich R. Fölsch, Fred Fändrich, Stefan Schreiber, Jochen Hampe – 29 August 2006 – Genetic susceptibility in the causation of gallbladder diseases was recognized as early as 1937. A major gallstone susceptibility locus (Lith1) was identified in 1995 by quantitative trait locus mapping in mice. Two attractive positional and functional candidate genes in LXRA and ABCB11 are located in this interval. ABCB11 is associated with progressive familial cholestasis.

Péter Fülöp, Zoltán Derdák, Anthony Sheets, Edmond Sabo, Eric P. Berthiaume, Murray B. Resnick, Jack R. Wands, György Paragh, György Baffy – 29 August 2006 – Fatty liver is vulnerable to conditions that challenge hepatocellular energy homeostasis. Lipid‐laden hepatocytes highly express uncoupling protein‐2 (UCP2), a mitochondrial carrier that competes with adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis by mediating proton leak. However, evidence for a link between UCP2 expression and susceptibility of liver to acute injury is lacking.