Interleukin‐32: A new proinflammatory cytokine involved in hepatitis C virus‐related liver inflammation and fibrosis

Alexander R. Moschen, Teresa Fritz, Andrew D. Clouston, Ilka Rebhan, Oliver Bauhofer, Helen D. Barrie, Elizabeth E. Powell, Soo‐Hyun Kim, Charles A. Dinarello, Ralf Bartenschlager, Julie R. Jonsson, Herbert Tilg – 4 March 2011 – Interleukin 32 (IL‐32) is a recently described proinflammatory cytokine that activates p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF‐κB), thereby inducing proinflammatory cytokines such as IL‐1β and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α). We investigated the role of IL‐32 in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection.

Treatment failure and resistance with direct‐acting antiviral drugs against hepatitis C virus

Jean‐Michel Pawlotsky – 3 March 2011 – Current treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is based on the combination of pegylated interferon‐α and ribavirin. The recent development of direct‐acting antiviral (DAA) molecules that are active on HCV, together with in vitro and in vivo studies showing that these drugs may lead to the selection of resistant viruses if administered alone, has raised concerns that resistance may undermine therapy based on DAAs.

Hepatocyte‐specific hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1α is a determinant of lipid accumulation and liver injury in alcohol‐induced steatosis in mice

Bharath Nath, Ivan Levin, Timea Csak, Jan Petrasek, Christian Mueller, Karen Kodys, Donna Catalano, Pranoti Mandrekar, Gyongyi Szabo – 3 March 2011 – Chronic alcohol causes hepatic steatosis and liver hypoxia. Hypoxia‐regulated hypoxia‐inducible factor 1‐α, (HIF‐1α) may regulate liporegulatory genes, but the relationship of HIF‐1 to steatosis remains unknown. We investigated HIF‐1α in alcohol‐induced hepatic lipid accumulation.

Hepatic differentiation of amniotic epithelial cells

Fabio Marongiu, Roberto Gramignoli, Kenneth Dorko, Toshio Miki, Aarati R. Ranade, Maria Paola Serra, Silvia Doratiotto, Marcella Sini, Shringi Sharma, Keitaro Mitamura, Tiffany L. Sellaro, Veysel Tahan, Kristen J. Skvorak, Ewa C. S. Ellis, Stephen F. Badylak, Julio C. Davila, Ronald Hines, Ezio Laconi, Stephen C. Strom – 3 March 2011 – Hepatocyte transplantation to treat liver disease is largely limited by the availability of useful cells.

Estimating the net contribution of interleukin‐28B variation to spontaneous hepatitis C virus clearance

Julia di Iulio, Angela Ciuffi, Karen Fitzmaurice, Dermot Kelleher, Margalida Rotger, Jacques Fellay, Raquel Martinez, Sara Pulit, Hansjakob Furrer, Huldrych F. Günthard, Manuel Battegay, Enos Bernasconi, Patrick Schmid, Bernard Hirschel, Eleanor Barnes, Paul Klenerman, Amalio Telenti, Andri Rauch, and the Swiss HIV Cohort Study – 28 February 2011 – The identification of associations between interleukin‐28B (IL‐28B) variants and the spontaneous clearance of hepatitis C virus (HCV) raises the issues of causality and the net contribution of host genetics to the trait.

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