Ribavirin pharmacokinetics and interleukin 28B plus cytochrome P450 27B1 single‐nucleotide polymorphisms as predictors of response to pegylated interferon/ribavirin treatment in patients infected with hepatitis C virus genotype 1/4

Antonio D'Avolio, Alessia Ciancio, Marco Siccardi, Lorena Baietto, Marco Simiele, Giuseppe Cariti, Andrea Calcagno, Antonina Smedile, Jessica Cusato, Stefano Bonora, Mario Rizzetto, Giovanni Di Perri – 2 December 2011

Activation of liver X receptor increases acetaminophen clearance and prevents its toxicity in mice

Simrat P.S. Saini, Bin Zhang, Yongdong Niu, Mengxi Jiang, Jie Gao, Yonggong Zhai, Jung Hoon Lee, Hirdesh Uppal, Hui Tian, Michael A. Tortorici, Samuel M. Poloyac, Wenxin Qin, Raman Venkataramanan, Wen Xie – 2 December 2011 – Overdose of acetaminophen (APAP), the active ingredient of Tylenol, is the leading cause of drug‐induced acute liver failure in the United States. As such, it is necessary to develop novel strategies to prevent or manage APAP toxicity. In this report, we reveal a novel function of the liver X receptor (LXR) in preventing APAP‐induced hepatotoxicity.

Infiltrating monocytes versus resident kupffer cells: Do alternatively activated macrophages need to be targeted alternatively?

Frank Tacke, Christian Kurts – 2 December 2011 – A defining feature of inflammation is the accumulation of innate immune cells in the tissue that are thought to be recruited from the blood. We reveal that a distinct process exists in which tissue macrophages undergo rapid in situ proliferation in order to increase population density.

The cyclophilin inhibitor alisporivir prevents hepatitis C virus–mediated mitochondrial dysfunction

Giovanni Quarato, Annamaria D'Aprile, Bruno Gavillet, Grégoire Vuagniaux, Darius Moradpour, Nazzareno Capitanio, Claudia Piccoli – 2 December 2011 – Alisporivir (Debio‐025) is an analogue of cyclosporine A and represents the prototype of a new class of non‐immunosuppressive cyclophilin inhibitors. In vitro and in vivo studies have shown that alisporivir inhibits hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication, and ongoing clinical trials are exploring its therapeutic potential in patients with chronic hepatitis C.

Primate‐specific microRNA‐637 inhibits tumorigenesis in hepatocellular carcinoma by disrupting signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 signaling

Jin‐fang Zhang, Ming‐liang He, Wei‐ming Fu, Hua Wang, Lian‐zhou Chen, Xiao Zhu, Ying Chen, Dan Xie, Paul Lai, Gong Chen, Gang Lu, Marie C.M. Lin, Hsiang‐fu Kung – 2 December 2011 – MiR‐637 (microRNA‐637) is a primate‐specific miRNA belonging to the small noncoding RNA family, which represses gene regulation at the post‐transcriptional expression level. Although it was discovered approximately 5 years ago, its biomedical significance and regulatory mechanism remain obscure.

Seasonal variation in the patient diagnosis of primary biliary cirrhosis: Further evidence for an environmental component to etiology

Richard J.Q. McNally, Peter W. James, Samantha Ducker, Oliver F.W. James – 2 December 2011 – The etiology of primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is far from clear. Both genetic and environmental factors are likely to be involved. We have previously reported evidence of space‐time clustering, suggesting that a transient environmental agent may be involved in etiology.

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